Method and apparatus for improved frame synchronization in a wireless communication network

ABSTRACT

A wireless network uses an improved frame structure to increase timing acquisition capabilities as well as reduction of spectral lines. In one aspect, the frame packet can be used to communicate the different modes of operation under which the packet was created.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/984,296, filed Oct. 31, 2007,entitled “Frame Format for UWB System Employing Common Mode Signalingand Beamforming.”

BACKGROUND

I. Field of the Disclosure

This disclosure relates generally to wireless communication systems and,more particularly, to wireless data transmission in a wirelesscommunication system.

II. Description of the Related Art

In one aspect of the related art, devices with a physical (PHY) layersupporting either single carrier or Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) modulation modes may be used for millimeter wavecommunications, such as in a network adhering to the details asspecified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)in its 802.15.3c standard. In this example, the PHY layer may beconfigured for millimeter wave communications in the spectrum of 57gigahertz (GHz) to 66 GHz and specifically, depending on the region, thePHY layer may be configured for communication in the range of 57 GHz to64 GHz in the United States and 59 GHz to 66 GHz in Japan.

To allow interoperability between devices or networks that supporteither OFDM or single-carrier modes, both modes further support a commonmode. Specifically, the common mode is a single-carrier base-rate modeemployed by both OFDM and single-carrier transceivers to facilitateco-existence and interoperability between different devices anddifferent networks. The common mode may be employed to provide beacons,transmit control and command information, and used as a base rate fordata packets.

A single-carrier transceiver in an 802.15.3c network typically employsat least one code generator to provide spreading of the form firstintroduced by Marcel J. E. Golay (referred to as Golay codes), to someor all fields of a transmitted data frame and to performmatched-filtering of a received Golay-coded signal. Complementary Golaycodes are sets of finite sequences of equal length such that a number ofpairs of identical elements with any given separation in one sequence isequal to the number of pairs of unlike elements having the sameseparation in the other sequences. S. Z. Budisin, “Efficient PulseCompressor for Golay Complementary Sequences,” Electronic Letters, 27,no. 3, pp. 219-220, Jan. 31, 1991, which is hereby incorporated byreference, shows a transmitter for generating Golay complementary codesas well as a Golay matched filter.

For low-power devices, it is advantageous for the common mode to employa Continuous Phase Modulated (CPM) signal having a constant envelope sothat power amplifiers can be operated at maximum output power withoutaffecting the spectrum of the filtered signal. Gaussian Minimum ShiftKeying (GMSK) is a form of continuous phase modulation having compactspectral occupancy by choosing a suitable bandwidth time product (BT)parameter in a Gaussian filter. The constant envelope makes GMSKcompatible with nonlinear power amplifier operation without theconcomitant spectral regrowth associated with non-constant envelopesignals.

Various techniques may be implemented to produce GMSK pulse shapes. Forexample, π/2-binary phase shift key (BPSK) modulation (orπ/2-differential BPSK) with a linearized GMSK pulse may be implemented,such as shown in I. Lakkis, J. Su, & S. Kato, “A Simple Coherent GMSKDemodulator”, IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications(PIMRC) 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein, for the commonmode.

SUMMARY

Aspects disclosed herein may be advantageous to systems employingmillimeter-wave wireless personal area networks (WPANs) such as definedby the IEEE802.15.3c protocol. However, the disclosure is not intendedto be limited to such systems, as other applications may benefit fromsimilar advantages.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method of communication isprovided. More specifically, a packet is generated and such packet has aheader that comprises location information of the packet with respect toa beacon. Thereafter, the packet is transmitted, wherein the packet andthe beacon are transmitted within a superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a communication apparatuscomprises means for generating a packet having a header that compriseslocation information of the packet with respect to a beacon and meansfor transmitting the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus forcommunications comprises a processing system configured to generate apacket having a header that comprises location information of the packetwith respect to a beacon and transmit the packet, wherein the packet andthe beacon are transmitted within a superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-programproduct for wireless communications comprises a machine-readable mediumencoded with instructions executable to generate a packet having aheader that comprises location information of the packet with respect toa beacon and transmit the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method of communicationis provided. More specifically, a packet is received and such packet hasa header that comprises location information of the packet with respectto a beacon, wherein the packet and the beacon are transmitted within asuperframe. Thereafter, the location information is used to determine alocation within the superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a communication apparatuscomprises means for receiving a packet having a header that compriseslocation information of the packet with respect to a beacon, wherein thepacket and the beacon are transmitted within a superframe and means forusing the location information to determine a location within thesuperframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus forcommunications comprises a processing system configured to receive apacket having a header that comprises location information of the packetwith respect to a beacon, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe and use the location information todetermine a location within the superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-programproduct for wireless communications comprises a machine-readable mediumencoded with instructions executable to receive a packet having a headerthat comprises a location information of the packet with respect to abeacon, wherein the packet and the beacon are transmitted within asuperframe and use the location information to determine a locationwithin the superframe.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method for wirelesscommunication is provided. More specifically, a packet is generated andsuch packet comprises a first portion and a second portion separated bya delimiter, wherein the delimiter is further used to signal acharacteristic of the second portion. Thereafter, the packet istransmitted.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a communication apparatuscomprises means for generating a packet that comprises a first portionand a second portion separated by a delimiter, wherein the delimiter isfurther used to signal a characteristic of the second portion and meansfor transmitting the packet.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a communication apparatuscomprises a processing system configured to generate a packet thatcomprises a first portion and a second portion separated by a delimiter,wherein the delimiter is further used to signal a characteristic of thesecond portion and transmit the packet.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-programproduct for communications comprises a machine-readable medium encodedwith instructions executable to generate a packet that comprises a firstportion and a second portion separated by a delimiter, wherein thedelimiter is further used to signal a characteristic of the secondportion and transmit the packet.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method of communicationis provided. More specifically, a payload of a packet is divided into aplurality of data blocks, wherein each data block comprises Golay codesand data portions, and every data portion is between two Golay codes andinformation is inserted between data blocks of the plurality of datablocks, said information enabling at least one of time, channel andfrequency estimation. Thereafter, the packet is transmitted.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus forcommunication, comprises means for dividing a payload of a packet into aplurality of data blocks, wherein each data block comprises Golay codesand data portions, and every data portion is between two Golay codes,means for inserting information between data blocks of the plurality ofdata blocks, said information enabling at least one of time, channel andfrequency estimation and means for transmitting the packet.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus for wirelesscommunications comprises a processing system configured to divide apayload of a packet into a plurality of data blocks, wherein each datablock comprises Golay codes and data portions, and every data portion isbetween two Golay codes, insert information between data blocks of theplurality of data blocks, said information enabling at least one oftime, channel and frequency estimation and transmit the packet.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-programproduct for communication comprises a machine-readable medium encodedwith instructions executable to divide a payload of a packet into aplurality of data blocks, wherein each data block comprises Golay codesand data portions, and every data portion is between two Golay codes,insert information between data blocks of the plurality of data blocks,said information enabling at least one of time, channel and frequencyestimation and transmit the packet.

Although particular aspects are described herein, many variations andpermutations of these aspects fall within the scope of the disclosure.Whereas some benefits and advantages of the preferred aspects arementioned, the scope of the disclosure is not intended to be limited toparticular benefits, uses, or objectives. Rather, aspects of thedisclosure are intended to be broadly applicable to different wirelesstechnologies, system configurations, networks, and transmissionprotocols, some of which are illustrated by way of example in thefigures and in the following Detailed Description. The detaileddescription and drawings are merely illustrative of the disclosurerather than limiting, the scope of the disclosure being defined by theappended claims and equivalents thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects according to the disclosure are understood with reference to thefollowing figures.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless network configured in accordance withan aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a superframe timing configured in accordance withan aspect of the disclosure that is used in the wireless network of FIG.1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a superframe structure configured in accordancewith an aspect of the disclosure that is used in the wireless network ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a frame/packet structure configured in accordancewith an aspect of the disclosure that is used in the superframestructure of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an improved frame/packet structure that supportssignaling for multiple header rates in accordance with an aspect of thedisclosure;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of multiple start frame delimiters that may be usedin accordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an improved frame/packet structure that supportssignaling for superframe timing detection in accordance with an aspectof the disclosure;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining superframetiming information in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an improved frame/packet structure that supportsimproved carrier estimation in accordance with an aspect of thedisclosure;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a plurality of data blocks that may be used withreduced spectral lines in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of a scrambler configured in accordancewith an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an improved frame/packet structure configuredfor longer data blocks in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a Golay circuitry configured inaccordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a start frame delimiter generatorapparatus configured in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a timestamp generator apparatus configuredin accordance with an aspect of the disclosure; and,

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a channel estimation sequence generatorapparatus configured in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated inthe drawings may be simplified for clarity. Thus, the drawings may notdepict all of the components of a given apparatus (e.g., device) ormethod. In addition, like reference numerals may be used to denote likefeatures throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the disclosure are described below. It should beapparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety offorms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosedherein are merely representative. Based on the teachings herein oneskilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein maybe implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or moreof these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, anapparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using anynumber of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatusmay be implemented or such a method may be practiced using otherstructure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition toor other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein.

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the disclosure. It should be understood, however, thatthe particular aspects shown and described herein are not intended tolimit the disclosure to any particular form, but rather, the disclosureis to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives fallingwithin the scope of the disclosure as defined by the claims.

Several aspects of a wireless network 100 will now be presented withreference to FIG. 1, which is a network formed in a manner that iscompatible with the IEEE 802.15.3c Personal Area Networks (PAN) standardand herein referred to as a piconet. The network 100 is a wireless adhoc data communication system that allows a number of independent datadevices such as a plurality of data devices (DEVs) 120 to communicatewith each other. Networks with functionality similar to the network 100are also referred to as a basic service set (BSS), or independent basicservice (IBSS) if the communication is between a pair of devices.

Each DEV of the plurality of DEVs 120 is a device that implements a MACand PHY interface to the wireless medium of the network 100. A devicewith functionality similar to the devices in the plurality of DEVs 120may be referred to as an access terminal, a user terminal, a mobilestation, a subscriber station, a station, a wireless device, a terminal,a node, or some other suitable terminology. The various conceptsdescribed throughout this disclosure are intended to apply to allsuitable wireless nodes regardless of their specific nomenclature.

Under IEEE 802.15.3c, one DEV will assume the role of a coordinator ofthe piconet. This coordinating DEV is referred to as a PicoNetCoordinator (PNC) and is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a PNC 110. Thus, thePNC includes the same device functionality of the plurality of otherdevices, but provides coordination for the network. For example, the PNC110 provides services such as basic timing for the network 100 using abeacon; and management of any Quality of Service (QoS) requirements,power-save modes, and network access control. A device with similarfunctionality as described for the PNC 110 in other systems may bereferred to as an access point, a base station, a base transceiverstation, a station, a terminal, a node, an access terminal acting as anaccess point, or some other suitable terminology. The PNC 110coordinates the communication between the various devices in the network100 using a structure referred as a superframe. Each superframe isbounded based on time by beacon periods.

The PNC 110 may also be coupled to a system controller 130 tocommunicate with other networks or other PNCs.

FIG. 2 illustrates a superframe 200 used for piconet timing in thenetwork 100. In general, a superframe is a basic time division structurecontaining a beacon period, a channel time allocation period and,optionally, a contention access period. The length of a superframe isalso known as the beacon interval (BI). In the superframe 200, a beaconperiod (BP) 210 is provided during which a PNC such as the PNC 110 sendsbeacon frames, as further described herein.

A Contention Access Period (CAP) 220, is used to communicate commandsand data either between the PNC 110 and a DEV in the plurality of DEVs120 in the network 100, or between any of the DEVs in the plurality ofDEVs 120 in the network 100. The access method for the CAP 220 can bebased on a slotted aloha or a carrier sense multiple access withcollision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. The CAP 220 may not be includedby the PNC 110 in each superframe.

A Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP) 220, which is based on a TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol, is provided by the PNC 110 toallocate time for the plurality of DEVs 120 to use the channels in thenetwork 100. Specifically, the CTAP is divided into one or more timeperiods, referred to as Channel Time Allocations (CTAs), that areallocated by the PNC 110 to pairs of devices; one pair of devices perCTA. Thus, the access mechanism for CTAs is TDMA-based.

FIG. 3 illustrates, as viewed from a data perspective, a superframestructure 300 as employed by the network 100. The superframe structure300 begins with a beacon period 302 in which a piconet controller suchas the PNC 110 broadcasts various control parameters, including a beaconframe number 310 and a superframe duration 312. This information is sentvia one or more beacon packets (not shown). The transmission of a seriesof data packets 360 follows the beacon period 302. These data packetsmay be transmitted by the PNC 110 or different devices that are membersof the piconet. Each beacon period, such as the beacon period 302, orany data packet, such as the data packet 360, is typically followed by aguard time (GT) 330.

FIG. 4 is an example of a frame structure 400 that may be used for asingle carrier, OFDM or common mode frame. As used herein, the term“frame” may also be referred to as a “packet”, and these two termsshould be considered synonymous.

The frame structure 400 includes a preamble 402, a header 440, and apacket payload 480. The common mode uses Golay codes for all threefields, i.e. for the preamble 402, the header 440 and the packet payload480. The common-mode signal uses Golay spreading codes with chip-levelπ/2-BPSK modulation to spread the data therein. The header 440, which isa physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) conforming header, and thepacket payload 480, which is a physical layer service data unit (PSDU),includes symbols spread with a Golay code pair of length-64. Variousframe parameters, including, by way of example, but without limitation,the number of Golay-code repetitions and the Golay-code lengths, may beadapted in accordance with various aspects of the frame structure 400.In one aspect, Golay codes employed in the preamble may be selected fromlength-128 or length-256 Golay codes. Golay codes used for dataspreading may comprise length-64 or length-128 Golay codes.

Referring back to FIG. 4, the preamble 402 includes a packet syncsequence field 410, a start frame delimiter (SFD) field 420, and achannel-estimation sequence field 430. The preamble 402 may be shortenedwhen higher data rates are used. For example, the default preamblelength may be set to 36 Golay codes for the common mode, which isassociated with a data rate on the order of 50 Mbps. For a data rate inthe order of 1.5 Gbps data rate, the preamble 402 may be shortened to 16Golay codes, and for data rates around 3 Gbps, the preamble 402 may befurther shortened to 8 Golay codes. The preamble 402 may also beswitched to a shorter preamble based upon either an implicit or explicitrequest from a device.

The packet sync sequence field 410 is a repetition of ones spread by oneof the length-128 complementary Golay codes (a^(i) ₁₂₈, b^(i) ₁₂₈) asrepresented by codes 412-1 to 412-n in FIG. 4. The SFD field 420comprises a specific code such as {−1} that is spread by one of thelength-128 complementary Golay codes (a^(i) ₁₂₈, b^(i) ₁₂₈), asrepresented by a code 422 in FIG. 4. The CES field 430 may be spreadusing a pair of length-256 complementary Golay codes (a^(i) ₂₅₆, b^(i)₂₅₆), as represented by codes 432 and 436, and may further comprise atleast one cyclic prefix, as represented by 434-1 and 438-1, such asa^(i) _(CP) or b^(i) _(CP), which are length-128 Golay codes, where CPis the Cyclic Prefix or Postfix. A cyclic postfix for each of the codes432 and 436, such as a^(i) _(CP) or b^(i) _(CP), respectively, asrepresented by 434-2 and 438-2, respectively, are length-128 Golaycodes.

In one aspect, the header 440 employs approximately a rate one-half ReedSolomon (RS) coding, whereas the packet payload 480 employs a rate-0.937RS coding, RS(255,239). The header 440 and the packet payload 480 may bebinary or complex-valued, and spread using length-64 complementary Golaycodes a^(i) ₆₄ and/or b^(i) ₆₄. Preferably, the header 440 should betransmitted in a more robust manner than the packet payload 480 tominimize packet error rate due to header error rate. For example, theheader 440 can be provided with 4 dB to 6 dB higher coding gain than thedata portion in the packet payload 480. The header rate may also beadapted in response to changes in the data rate. For example, for arange of data rates up to 1.5 Gbps, the header rate may be 400 Mbps. Fordata rates of 3 Gbps, the header rate may be 800 Mbps, and for a rangeof data rates up to 6 Gbps, the header rate may be set at 1.5 Gbps. Aconstant proportion of header rate may be maintained to a range of datarates. Thus, as the data rate is varied from one range to another, theheader rate may be adjusted to maintain a constant ratio of header rateto data-rate range. It is important to communicate the change in headerrate to each device in the plurality of DEVs 120 in the network 100.However, the current frame structure 400 in FIG. 4 used by all modes(i.e., single carrier, OFDM and common modes), do not include an abilityto do this.

FIG. 5 illustrates an improved frame structure 500 that supportssignaling for multiple header rates and multi PHY modes in accordancewith an aspect of the disclosure. In this aspect, there may be up tofour different header rates, each of which corresponds to a particulardata rate or a range of data rates. Alternative aspects may provide fordifferent numbers of header and data rates. The frame structure 500includes a preamble 502, a header 540, and a packet payload 580. Theheader 540, and packet payload 580 portions are configured in a similarfashion to the header 440 and the packet payload 480. The preamble 502includes a packet sync sequence field 510, a start frame delimiter (SFD)code block 520, and a channel-estimation sequence field 530.

In the aspect illustrated in FIG. 5, the SFD code block 520 comprisesthree codes SFD 1 522, SFD 2 524, and SFD 3 526. Further referring toFIG. 6, in one aspect, a default header rate may be set to correspondsto an SFD code block 620 a, denoted by [−1 +1 +1], where the signcorresponds to the sign of the Golay code transmitted. For a firstheader rate (e.g., 400 Mbps), the SFD code block 520 is an SFD codeblock 620 a, denoted by [−1 +1 −1]. For a header rate of 800 Mbps, theSFD code block 520 is an SFD code block 620 c, denoted by [−1 −1 +1],and for a 1.5 Gbps header rate, the SFD code block 520 is an SFD codeblock 620 d, denoted by [−1 −1 −1]. In another aspect, a set ofdifferent SFD code blocks may be constructed using a complementary Golaycodes, as indicated by a plurality of SFD code blocks 620 e to 620 h inFIG. 6. In addition to just providing the header rate, the SFD patternsmay also be used to provide other information, including differentiatingbetween a single carrier and OFDM packets or differentiating between abeacon packet and a data packet. Furthermore, the SFD may be used toindicate a special type of packet used for beamforming. For example, theSFD pattern 620 a in FIG. 6 is assigned to beacon packets, the SFDpatterns 620 b, 620 c, and 620 d are assigned to single carrier datapackets to differentiate between header rates of 400 Mbps, 800 Mbps, and1.5 Gbps respectively, and the SFD patterns 620 e, 620 f, 620 g areassigned to OFDM data packets to differentiate between rates of 900Mbps, 1.5 Gbps, and 3 Gbps respectively, and the SFD pattern 620 h isassigned to beamforming training packets. Any device in the plurality ofDEVs 120 that is performing preamble detection will search for these SFDpatterns.

In an aspect of the disclosure, the codes a in the packet sync sequencefield 510 may be scrambled by a cover code, such that each code a ismultiplied by {+1} or {−1.} This may be done to reduce spectral linesthat would otherwise result from code repetition in the packet syncsequence field 510. Furthermore, the SFD code block 520 can be encodedwith the complementary code b, as illustrated and discussed previouslyin FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Thus, various combinations of a and b may beemployed in the SFD code block 520.

As previously discussed, during the beacon period 302, which is locatedat the beginning (i.e., time zero) of each superframe, one or morebeacon packets will be sent by the PNC 110 to set the superframeduration, the CAP end time, the time allocations and to communicatemanagement information for the piconet. When more than one beacon packetis transmitted by the PNC, beacon packet number one is transmitted attime zero and the remaining beacon packets contain information about thetime offset from the beginning of the superframe. As beacon packets arecritical for the proper functioning of all devices in the network 100,any beacon packet to be sent during the beacon period 302 is transmittedusing a common-mode signal so that it can be understood by all devices.Further, no device can transmit until it has synchronized itself withthe network. Thus, all devices in the plurality of DEVs 120 must attemptto determine whether an existing network exists by detecting the beaconand locating the beginning of a superframe.

Each device in the wireless network 100, upon start-up, searches for thesuperframe start time by locking to the beacon period 302. Because thesame Golay code is used for spreading the preambles for both beaconpackets and data packets, whether each received segment is a beaconpacket or a data packet is determined by decoding the header 440.However, this can be a problem for low-power devices, especially whenlong superframes (e.g., 65 ms long) are employed, since the device hasto try to decode every packet for up to 20 ms before finding the beaconperiod. Furthermore, some data packets may employ the same spreading andprotection for the header 440 as the beacon 302, and thus will pass theCRC.

FIG. 7 illustrates an improved frame structure 700 that supports timestamping and superframe timing information communication. In one aspect,the frame structure 700 includes a preamble 702, a header 740, and apacket payload 780. The preamble 702 and packet payload 780 portions areconfigured in a similar fashion to the preamble 402 and the packetpayload 480 of the frame structure 400 of FIG. 4. The frame structure700 further includes a time stamp 742 in the header 740 that providesimproved communication of the timing information of the superframe beingtransmitted. The time stamp 742 may be configured to include informationto allow any device, once the device has received and decoded the timestamp 742, to determine one or more of the following pieces ofinformation in the following list, which is presented as examples and isnot to be limiting: location information of the transmitted frame withinthe superframe, the superframe length, the start of the superframe, theend of the superframe, the location of the beacon and a location of theCAP. Collectively, the list of information is referred to herein as thesuperframe timing information. Thus, when a device in the plurality ofDEVs 120 desires to locate superframe timing information, it can captureany frame and, upon decoding the time stamp in the frame, will be ableto determine superframe timing information. The time stamp 742 can thusassist the device to locate the beacon period. Preferably, the timestamp 742 will be positioned as the first field in the header field 740so the device can avoid having to decode the entire header and, instead,only decode the portion of the header 740 it needs to determined thesuperframe timing information it needs.

Some packets are transmitted without a header (for example, somebeamforming packets may be transmitted without headers and payloads),and in this case then the SFD code block 520 may be configured toidentify these packets so that the receiving device would know thatthese packets contain no timing information.

In one aspect of the disclosure, in cases where the same preamble may beused by devices supporting both single carrier and OFDM modes. Thus, theSFD code block 520 can use different sets of SFD patterns that areassigned to single carrier and OFDM modes in order for a receivingdevice to differentiate between single carrier and OFDM packets.

In an aspect of the disclosure, the time stamp 742 can be compressed toreduce overhead if needed. For example, an eight-bit time stamp may beused from which the location of the beacon can be computed, but withless resolution.

Once the device locates the beacon, it may go into a sleep mode to savepower and awaken just before the beacon period to detect, for example,the header rate. Thus, when a device in the plurality of DEVs 120 needsto determine the header rate, it can acquire that information by timingthe power-up or awakening at a sufficient time before the beacon period.

FIG. 8 illustrates a superframe timing information acquisition process800 that may be performed by a device in the plurality of DEVs 120 toacquire superframe timing information in one aspect of the disclosure.In step 802, DEV will initialize and prepare to perform wirelesscommunication with the network 100. In step 804, the DEV will try todetect the preamble of a beacon frame or data frame. Assuming thedetection is successful, the DEV will decode the header, or at leasttimestamp portion of the header in step 806. Then, in step 808, the DEVcan determine superframe timing information from the decoded timestamp.

Once the superframe timing information has been determined by the DEV,it will have the option of using it in step 810. In one aspect of thedisclosure, as discussed previously herein, the DEV may decide to enterinto a low-power or sleep mode until the next beacon period to acquirethe full information about the superframe being transmitted by the PNC110. For example, the DEV may put itself to sleep for a predeterminedperiod, such as a period of time sufficient for the current superframeto end. As another example, the DEV can enter into the sleep mode formore than one beacon period, and periodically awaken to acquiresuperframe timing information. Although there may be certainrequirements for a device such as the DEV to operate within guidelinesso as not to miss more than a predetermined number of beacons forconcerns of losing synchronization, the DEV in this scenario can stillmaintain timing synchronization because of its use of the timestamp.

In another aspect, if DEV detects the timestamp and finds that thesuperframe is in the CAP phase, then the DEV can attempt to join thenetwork 100 without having to wait for the beacon and CAP phase.

In another aspect, the DEV may detect whether a particular channel inthe network 100 is busy without having to wait to detect a beacon. Inthis aspect, once the DEV detects a timestamp, it will assume thatchannel is busy and the move to next channel.

As already discussed above, the timestamp facilitates beacon andsuperframe timing detection because DEV does not have to decode everypacket to determine if a particular packet is a beacon packet. At themost, the DEV just has to decode one timestamp successfully. Thus, theDEV does not have to decode completely the header and possibly data todetermine if the packet is a beacon packet or not.

The timestamp can also be used to improve acquisition of signal andjoining of the network by the plurality of DEVs 120. For example, assumea DEV 120-2 is far enough away from the PNC 110 not to have gooddetection of the beacon transmitted by the PNC 110. However, also assumethe DEV 120-1 is closer to the PNC 110 but also close to the DEV 120-2and can reliably detect the beacon from the PNC 110. Because all deviceswill include timestamp information in their transmissions and the DEV120-2 can hear the transmissions from DEV 120-1, the DEV 120-2 will havea better idea of the beacon location and can alter its operation toimprove its chances of receiving the beacon. For example, the DEV 120-2can lower its preamble detection threshold during the expected time ofbeacon transmission from the PNC 110, which is a function ofSignal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) or Signal-to-Noise/Interference Ratio(SNIR), because it is more certain that a detection will not be a falsepositive.

In some aspects of the disclosure, preambles for different piconetsoperating in the same frequency band may employ cover sequences thatprovide for orthogonality in time and/or frequency. In one aspect, afirst piconet controller PNC1 uses a first Golay code a1281 of length128, a second piconet controller PNC2 uses a1282, and a third piconetcontroller PNC3 uses a1283. The preamble is formed from 8 repetitions ofeach Golay code multiplied by an orthogonal covering code, such as shownin the following case:

PNC1 transmits: +a¹+a¹+a¹+a¹+a¹+a¹+a¹+a¹(cover code[1 1 1 1 1])

PNC2 transmits: +a²−a²+a²−a²+a²−a²+a²−a²(cover code[1 −1 1 −1])

PNC3 transmits: +a³+a³−a³−a³+a³+a³−a³−a³(cover code([1 1 −1 −1])

Thus, even though the system is asynchronous, there is stillorthogonality at any time shift.

In this case, these are the only three binary codes that areperiodically orthogonal. For example, periodic orthogonality means thatif a first covering code is repeated, such as:

1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 . . . ,

and it is matched-filtered to a second, orthogonal covering code, theresult is zero everywhere except at the leading and trailing edges ofthe repeated code.

In some aspects of the disclosure, non-binary cover codes may beprovided.

For example, complex covering codes of length 4 are shown as follows:

cover1=ifft([1 0 0 0])=[1 1 1 1]

cover2=ifft([0 1 0 0])=[1 j −1 −j]

cover3=ifft([0 0 1 0])=[1 −1 −1]

cover4=ifft([0 0 0 1])=[1−j −1 j]

These codes may be used to multiply a particular Golay code (e.g., a(1))as follows [a¹.cover1(1) a¹.cover1(2) a¹.cover1(3) a¹.cover1(4)]. TheFast Fourier Transform (FFT) of this sequence is nonzero for everyfourth subcarrier. If a¹ is of length 128 and the FFT length is 512(numbered 0:511), then cover1 produces non-zero subcarriers 0, 4, 8, . .. . With cover2, only subcarriers 1, 5, 9, . . . are nonzero. Cover3produces non-zero subcarriers 2, 6, 10 . . . , and cover4 producessubcarriers 3, 7, 11, . . . .

During the beacon period, beacons with almost omni-directional antennapatterns (Quasi-omni beacons) are first transmitted. Directional beacons(i.e., beacons transmitted with some antenna gain in some direction(s))may be transmitted during the beacon period or in the CTAP between twodevices.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, a combination of Golay-code lengthand number of repetitions is adapted to different antenna gains. Forexample, for an antenna gain of 0-3 dB, the beacons are transmittedusing the common mode with a default preamble comprising 32 repetitionsof a length-128 Golay code. For antenna gains of 3-6 dB, the beaconsemploy a shortened preamble of 16 repetitions of the same Golay code.For antenna gains of 6-9 dB, the beacons use a shortened preamble of 8repetitions of the Golay code. For antenna gains of 9 dB and above, thebeacons employ a shortened preamble of 4 repetitions of the Golay code.Furthermore, in some embodiments, header and/or data spreading factorsmay be scaled relative to the antenna gain.

FIG. 9 illustrates a frame structure 900 in accordance with an aspect ofthe disclosure. In one aspect, the frame structure 900 includes apreamble 902, a header 940, and a packet payload 980. The preamble 902and packet payload 980 portions are configured in a similar fashion tothe preamble 902 and the packet payload 480 of the frame structure 900of FIG. 9. The data portion of the frame, which may include the header940 and includes the packet payload 980 is partitioned into a pluralityof blocks 950-1 to 950-n, and each block 950-1 to 950-n is furtherpartitioned into sub-blocks, such as sub-blocks 952-1 to 952-n. Eachsub-block 952-1 to 952-n is preceded by a known Golay sequence of lengthL, such as known Golay sequences 954-1 to 954-n, which should betypically longer than the multipath delay spread. Further, the last dataportion 956-n is followed by a known Golay sequence 954-[n+1]. In oneaspect, all known Golay sequences within a particular data block areidentical. The known Golay sequences functions as a cyclic prefix if afrequency domain equalizer is used. Furthermore, it can be used fortiming, frequency, and channel tracking. Each data block 950-1 to 950-nis followed by a pilot channel estimation sequence (PCES) 960 having acomplementary set of Golay codes 964-1 and 968-1 each having a CP 962-1and 966-2, respectively. The PCES 960 can be used to reacquire thechannel if needed, and the repetition period for the PCES 960 can bechanged to reduce overhead. The PCES period can, for example, be encodedin the header 940.

In order for the known Golay sequences 954-1 to 954-n to be used as a CPin a frequency-domain equalizer (or in other equalizer types), the sameL-length Golay sequence (aL) needs to be used. However, a repetition ofthe known Golay sequence introduces spectral lines. In order to mitigatespectral lines, each data block uses a different known Golay sequence,such as shown in FIG. 10. For example, a pair of Golay codes (aL,bL) maybe employed, wherein aL and bL denotes a pair of complementary Golaysequences of length L, or a shorter length K<L protected by its ownshort cyclic prefix. For example, for L=20, a Golay code-length of 16may be used with the last 4 samples repeated in the beginning. Each datablock may use aL, −aL, bL, or −bL. A scrambler 1100, such as shown inFIG. 11, may be used for selecting Golay codes aL, −aL, bL, and −bL. Inone aspect, the scrambler 1100 may be implemented as a feedback-shiftregister. The scrambler 1100 may be used to choose the Golay codes foreach data block.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, longer data blocks may beemployed, and a frame structure 1200 shown in FIG. 12 may be employed.In this example, each data block employs one of the four Golay-codeoptions aL, −aL, bL, and −bL for a portion of the data block, and thecodes are changed for each portion. For example, different blockportions 1250-1 to 1250-5 of a data block 1202 use different Golay codes(e.g., Golay code 1254-1-1 for block portion 2 1250-1 versus Golay code1254-1-2 for block portion 2 1250-2).

A known sequence can be used both before and after equalization. Forexample, techniques for using a known sequence before and afterequalization for timing, frequency and channel tracking are well knownin the art. However, aspects of the disclosure may provide for furtheruses of known Golay sequences. After equalization, there is a noisyestimate of the known transmitted Golay sequence. By correlating theestimated noisy version with the original clean version of the Golaysequence, the residual multipath can be estimated and used fortime-domain equalization with a very simple short equalizer (e.g., atwo-taps equalizer).

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a Golay-code circuitry 1300 that may beemployed as a Golay code generator or matched filter in some aspects ofthe disclosure. The Golay-code circuitry 1300 comprises a sequence ofdelay elements 1302-1 to 1302-M, a sequence of adaptable seed vectorinsertion elements 1330-1 to 1330-M, a first set of combiners 1310-1 to1310-M, and a second set of combiners 1320-1 to 1320-M configured forcombining delayed signals with signals multiplied by the seed vector.

In one aspect of the disclosure, the following set of three sequencesmay be used for the preamble for spatial and frequency reuse to minimizeinterference between piconets operating in the same frequency band.

a or b ab 0 1 1 Delay and Seed Vectors D1 64 16 2 32 8 1 4 D2 64 16 2 328 1 4 D3 64 16 2 32 8 1 4 W1 1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 W2 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 W3 1 1−1 −1 −1 −1 1 Sequences in Hexadecimal s13663FAAFFA50369CC99CFAAF05AF369C s2 C99C055005AFC963C99CFAAF05AF369C s36C39A0F55FF5933993C6A0F5A00A9339

The Delay vectors are denoted by D1, D2, and D3, and corresponding seedvectors are denoted by W1, W2, and W3. The first sequence employs Golaycode a, and the second and third sequences are type-b sequences. Thebinary sequences (s1, s2, and s3) are provided in hexadecimal format.These sequences are optimized to have minimum sidelobe levels andminimum cross-correlation.

Common mode data sequences may employ the following set of Golaycomplementary codes.

Delay and Seed Vectors D1 16 32 4 8 2 1 D2 16 32 4 8 2 1 D3 16 32 4 8 21 W1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 W2 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 W3 1 1 −1 1 −1 1 Sequences inHexadecimal a1 2DEE2DEE22E1DD1E b1 78BB78BB77B4884B a2 E122E12211D2EE2Db2 B477B4774487BB78 a3 E1221EDDEE2DEE2D b3 B4774B88BB78BB78

The Golay sequences a and b are of length 64. Each symbol carriers 2bits per symbol. For example, when the 2 bits are “00,” a istransmitted. When the bits are “01,”−a is transmitted. When the bitscorrespond to “10,” b is transmitted; and for the bit combination “11”,−b is transmitted.

Three pairs of complementary Golay codes are employed for frequencyreuse, wherein one pair is used per piconet. These pairs are providedselected to have low cross-correlation between each other and with thepreamble. These codes can be used as well as the known sequences beforeeach sub-burst

In one aspect of the disclosure, the following length-16 and length-8codes may be used as spreading codes and/or as the known cyclic prefixbefore each sub-burst.

Delay and Seed Vectors For length 16 sequences D1 4 2 8 1 D2 4 8 2 1 D34 2 8 1 W1 1 1 −1 1 W2 1 1 −1 1 W3 −1 1 −1 1 Length 16 Sequences inHexadecimal a1 56CF b1 039A a2 1EDD b2 4B88 a3 A63F b3 F36A Delay andSeed Vectors For length 8 sequences D1 4 2 1 D2 2 1 4 D3 2 4 1 W1 1 1 1W2 1 1 1 W3 −1 1 1 Length 8 Sequences in Hexadecimal a1 DE b1 8B a2 BEb2 4E a3 AC b3 F9

In various aspects of the disclosure, the following sequences of length128 shown in hexadecimal and generated from the following delay and seedvectors may be provided as the cyclic prefix or for the PCES field.

Delay and Seed Vectors D1 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 D2 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 D3 64 3216 4 2 8 1 W1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W2 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 W3 −1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 1Sequences in Hexadecimal a1 593F5630593FA9CFA6C0A9CF593FA9CF b10C6A03650C6AFC9AF395FC9A0C6AFC9A a2 56CFA63FA930A63FA93059C0A930A63F b2039AF36AFC65F36AFC650C95FC65F36A a3 950C9A036AF39A03950C9A03950C65FC b3C059CF563FA6CF56C059CF56C05930A9

In one aspect of the disclosure, the following sequences of length-256and 512 may be used in the Pilot Channel Estimation Sequences (PCES).These sequences have low cross-correlation with each other and with thepreamble.

Delay and Seed Vectors for length-256 sequences D1 128 64 32 16 4 2 8 1D2 128 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 D3 128 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 W1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W2−1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 W3 1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 1 Length-256 Sequences inHexadecimal a1593F5630593FA9CF593F5630A6C05630593F5630593FA9CFA6C0A9CF593FA9CF b10C6A03650C6AFC9A0C6A0365F39503650C6A03650C6AFC9AF395FC9A0C6AFC9A a2593F5630A6C05630A6C0A9CFA6C05630593F5630A6C05630593F5630593FA9CF b20C6A0365F3950365F395FC9AF39503650C6A0365F39503650C6A03650C6AFC9A a39AFC95F3650395F39AFC95F39AFC6A0C65036A0C9AFC6A0C9AFC95F39AFC6A0C b3CFA9C0A63056C0A6CFA9C0A6CFA93F5930563F59CFA93F59CFA9C0A6CFA93F59

Delay and Seed Vectors for length-512 sequences D1 256 128 64 32 16 4 28 1 D2 256 128 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 D3 256 128 64 32 16 4 2 8 1 W1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 W2 −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 W3 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 Length-512Sequences in Hexadecimal a1593F5630593FA9CF593F5630A6C05630593F5630593FA9CFA6C0A9CF593FA9CFA6C0A9CFA6C05630A6C0A9CF593FA9CF593F5630593FA9CFA6C0A9C F593FA9CF b10C6A03650C6AFC9A0C6A0365F39503650C6A03650C6AFC9AF395FC9A0C6AFC9AF395FC9AF3950365F395FC9A0C6AFC9A0C6A03650C6AFC9AF395FC 9A0C6AFC9Aa2 9AFC6A0C9AFC95F39AFC6A0C65036A0C9AFC6A0C9AFC95F3650395F39AFC95F39AFC6A0C9AFC95F39AFC6A0C65036A0C650395F365036A0C9AFC6 A0C65036A0Cb2 CFA93F59CFA9C0A6CFA93F5930563F59CFA93F59CFA9C0A63056C0A6CFA9C0A6CFA93F59CFA9C0A6CFA93F5930563F593056C0A630563F59CFA93F5 930563F59a3 A63F56CFA63FA93059C0A930A63FA93059C0A93059C056CF59C0A930A63FA930A63F56CFA63FA93059C0A930A63FA930A63F56CFA63FA930A63F56C F59C056CF b3F36A039AF36AFC650C95FC65F36AFC650C95FC650C95039A0C95FC65F36AFC65F36A039AF36AFC650C95FC65F36AFC65F36A039AF36AFC65F36A039 A0C95039A

FIG. 14 illustrates a start frame delimiter generation apparatus 1400that may be used in various aspects of the disclosure, with a timestampgeneration module 1402 for generating a packet that includes a firstportion and a second portion separated by a delimiter, wherein thedelimiter is further used to signal a characteristic of the secondportion; and a packet transmission module 1404 for transmitting thepacket.

FIG. 15 illustrates a timestamp generation apparatus 1500 that may beused in various aspects of the disclosure, with a timestamp generationmodule 1502 for generating a packet having a header that includeslocation information of the packet with respect to a beacon; and atimestamp transmission module 1504 for transmitting the packet, whereinthe packet and the beacon are transmitted within a superframe.

FIG. 16 illustrates a channel estimation sequence generation apparatus1600 that may be used in various aspects of the disclosure, with a datablock generator module 1602 for dividing a payload of a packet into aplurality of data blocks, wherein each data block includes Golay codesand data portions, and every data portion is between two Golay codes; achannel estimation sequence generation and insertion module 1604 forinserting information between data blocks of the plurality of datablocks, said information enabling at least one of time, channel andfrequency estimation; and a packet transmission module 1606 fortransmitting the packet.

Various aspects described herein may be implemented as a method,apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques. The term “article of manufacture” as used hereinis intended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computerreadable media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storagedevices, optical disks, digital versatile disk, smart cards, and flashmemory devices.

The disclosure is not intended to be limited to the preferred aspects.Furthermore, those skilled in the art should recognize that the methodand apparatus aspects described herein may be implemented in a varietyof ways, including implementations in hardware, software, firmware, orvarious combinations thereof. Examples of such hardware may includeASICs, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, general-purpose processors, DSPs,and/or other circuitry. Software and/or firmware implementations of thedisclosure may be implemented via any combination of programminglanguages, including Java, C, C++, Matlab™, Verilog, VHDL, and/orprocessor specific machine and assembly languages.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrativelogical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithmsteps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may beimplemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, ananalog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may bedesigned using source coding or some other technique), various forms ofprogram or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referredto herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module”), orcombinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability ofhardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules,circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms oftheir functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented ashardware or software depends upon the particular application and designconstraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans mayimplement the described functionality in varying ways for eachparticular application, but such implementation decisions should not beinterpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the presentdisclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implementedwithin or performed by an integrated circuit (“IC”), an access terminal,or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, adigital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, electrical components, optical components,mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to performthe functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructionsthat reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purposeprocessor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processormay be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or statemachine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination ofcomputing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunctionwith a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

The method and system aspects described herein merely illustrateparticular aspects of the disclosure. It should be appreciated thatthose skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements,which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody theprinciples of the disclosure and are included within its scope.Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein areintended to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader inunderstanding the principles of the disclosure. This disclosure and itsassociated references are to be construed as being without limitation tosuch specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, allstatements herein reciting principles, aspects, and aspects of thedisclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended toencompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof.Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include bothcurrently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in thefuture, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function,regardless of structure.

It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the blockdiagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry,algorithms, and functional steps embodying principles of the disclosure.Similarly, it should be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams,signal diagrams, system diagrams, codes, and the like represent variousprocesses that may be substantially represented in computer-readablemedium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not suchcomputer or processor is explicitly shown.

1. A method of communication, comprising: generating a packet having aheader that comprises location information of the packet with respect toa beacon; and transmitting the packet, wherein the packet and the beaconare transmitted within a superframe.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe location information indicates a time offset to a location withinthe superframe.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the locationinformation comprises a time offset to an end of the superframe.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the location information comprises a timeoffset to a start of the superframe.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinthe location information comprises duration information for thesuperframe.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the packet and the beaconare transmitted by a single device.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinthe single device is a PNC.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the packetis generated and transmitted by a first device and the beacon istransmitted by a second device.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thesecond device is configured as a PNC.
 10. A communication apparatus,comprising: means for generating a packet having a header that compriseslocation information of the packet with respect to a beacon; and meansfor transmitting the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.
 11. The communication apparatus ofclaim 10, wherein the location information indicates a time offset to alocation within the superframe
 12. The communication apparatus of claim10, wherein the location information comprises a time offset to an endof the superframe.
 13. The communication apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe location information comprises a time offset to a start of thesuperframe.
 14. The communication apparatus of claim 10, wherein thelocation information comprises duration information for the superframe.15. The communication apparatus of claim 10, wherein the packet andbeacon are transmitted by the apparatus.
 16. The communication apparatusof claim 15, wherein the apparatus is a PNC.
 17. The communicationapparatus of claim 10, wherein packet is generated and transmitted bythe apparatus and the beacon is transmitted by a second apparatus. 18.The communication apparatus of claim 17, wherein the second apparatus isconfigured as a PNC.
 19. An apparatus for communications comprising: aprocessing system configured to: generate a packet having a header thatcomprises location information of the packet with respect to a beacon;and transmit the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, whereinthe location information indicates a time offset to a location withinthe superframe
 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the locationinformation comprises a time offset to an end of the superframe.
 22. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the location information comprises a timeoffset to a start of the superframe.
 23. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the location information comprises duration information for thesuperframe.
 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the packet and beaconare transmitted by the apparatus.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24, whereinthe apparatus is a PNC.
 26. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein packet isgenerated and transmitted by the apparatus and the beacon is transmittedby a second apparatus.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the secondapparatus is configured as a PNC.
 28. A computer-program product forwireless communications comprising: a machine-readable medium encodedwith instructions executable to: generate a packet having a header thatcomprises location information of the packet with respect to a beacon;and transmit the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.
 29. A piconet coordinator comprising:an antenna; a packet generator configured to generate a packet having aheader that comprises location information of the packet with respect toa beacon being transmitted; and a transmitter configured to transmit,via the antenna, the packet, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe.
 30. A method of communication,comprising: receiving a packet having a header that comprises a locationinformation of the packet with respect to a beacon, wherein the packetand the beacon are transmitted within a superframe; and using thelocation information to determine a location within the superframe. 31.The method of claim 30, wherein the location comprises one of an end ofthe superframe, a start of another superframe, a start of another beaconand a location of a CAP.
 32. The method of claim 30, further comprisingentering into a power-saving mode based on the determination.
 33. Themethod of claim 30, further comprising entering into a power saving modefor a time period until the location is reached.
 34. The method of claim30, further comprising entering into a power saving mode for a timeperiod that was calculated based on the location information.
 35. Themethod of claim 34, wherein the time period ends before a next beaconperiod begins.
 36. A communication apparatus, comprising: means forreceiving a packet having a header that comprises a location informationof the packet with respect to a beacon, wherein the packet and thebeacon are transmitted within a superframe; and means for determining alocation within the superframe.
 37. The communication apparatus of claim36, wherein the location comprises one of an end of the superframe, astart of another superframe, a start of another beacon and a location ofa CAP.
 38. The communication apparatus of claim 36, further comprisingmeans for entering into a power-saving mode based on the determination.39. The communication apparatus of claim 36, further comprising meansfor entering into a power saving mode for a time period until thelocation is reached.
 40. The communication apparatus of claim 39,wherein the predetermined time period ends before a next beacon periodbegins.
 41. An apparatus for communications comprising: a processingsystem configured to: receive a packet having a header that comprises alocation information of the packet with respect to a beacon, wherein thepacket and the beacon are transmitted within a superframe; and determinea location within the superframe
 42. The apparatus of claim 41, whereinthe location comprises at least one of an end of the superframe, a startof another superframe, a start of another beacon and a location of aCAP.
 43. The apparatus of claim 41, further comprising entering into apower-saving mode based on the determination.
 44. The apparatus of claim41, further comprising entering into a power saving mode for a timeperiod until the location is reached.
 45. The apparatus of claim 41,further comprising entering into a power saving mode for a predeterminedtime period.
 46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the predeterminedtime period ends before a next beacon period begins.
 47. Acomputer-program product for wireless communications comprising: amachine-readable medium encoded with instructions executable to: receivea packet having a header that comprises a location information of thepacket with respect to a beacon, wherein the packet and the beacon aretransmitted within a superframe; and determine a location within thesuperframe.
 48. A wireless device (DEV) comprising: a receiverconfigured to receive a packet having a header that comprises a locationinformation of the packet with respect to a beacon, wherein the packetand the beacon are transmitted within a superframe; and a locationdetermination module that uses the location information to determine alocation within the superframe.